perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.30 $, $Date: 1998/12/29 19:43:32 $)
This section of the FAQ answers questions about where to find source and documentation for Perl, support, and related matters.
The standard release of Perl (the one maintained by the perl development team) is distributed only in source code form. You can find this at http://www.perl.com/CPAN/src/latest.tar.gz , which in standard Internet format (a gzipped archive in POSIX tar format).
Perl builds and runs on a bewildering number of platforms. Virtually all known and current Unix derivatives are supported (Perl's native platform), as are proprietary systems like VMS, DOS, OS/2, Windows, QNX, BeOS, and the Amiga. There are also the beginnings of support for MPE/iX.
Binary distributions for some proprietary platforms, including Apple systems, can be found http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/ directory. Because these are not part of the standard distribution, they may and in fact do differ from the base Perl port in a variety of ways. You'll have to check their respective release notes to see just what the differences are. These differences can be either positive (e.g. extensions for the features of the particular platform that are not supported in the source release of perl) or negative (e.g. might be based upon a less current source release of perl).
If you don't have a C compiler because your vendor for whatever reasons did not include one with your system, the best thing to do is grab a binary version of gcc from the net and use that to compile perl with. CPAN only has binaries for systems that are terribly hard to get free compilers for, not for Unix systems.
Some URLs that might help you are:
http://language.perl.com/info/software.html
http://www.perl.com/latest/
http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/If you want information on proprietary systems. A simple installation guide for MS-DOS is available at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/perl5dos.html and similarly for Windows 3.1 at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/perlwin3.html .
Since you don't have a C compiler, you're doomed and your vendor should be sacrificed to the Sun gods. But that doesn't help you.
What you need to do is get a binary version of gcc for your system first. Consult the Usenet FAQs for your operating system for information on where to get such a binary version.
That's probably because you forgot libraries, or library paths differ. You really should build the whole distribution on the machine it will eventually live on, and then type make install. Most other approaches are doomed to failure.
One simple way to check that things are in the right place is to print out the hard-coded @INC which perl is looking for.
% perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC)'If this command lists any paths which don't exist on your system, then you may need to move the appropriate libraries to these locations, or create symlinks, aliases, or shortcuts appropriately. @INC is also printed as part of the output of
% perl -VYou might also want to check out "How do I keep my own module/library directory?" in perlfaq8.
Read the INSTALL file, which is part of the source distribution. It describes in detail how to cope with most idiosyncrasies that the Configure script can't work around for any given system or architecture.
CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a huge archive replicated on dozens of machines all over the world. CPAN contains source code, non-native ports, documentation, scripts, and many third-party modules and extensions, designed for everything from commercial database interfaces to keyboard/screen control to web walking and CGI scripts. The master machine for CPAN is ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/, but you can use the address http://www.perl.com/CPAN/CPAN.html to fetch a copy from a "site near you". See http://www.perl.com/CPAN (without a slash at the end) for how this process works.
CPAN/path/... is a naming convention for files available on CPAN sites. CPAN indicates the base directory of a CPAN mirror, and the rest of the path is the path from that directory to the file. For instance, if you're using ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN as your CPAN site, the file CPAN/misc/japh file is downloadable as ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/misc/japh .
Considering that there are hundreds of existing modules in the archive, one probably exists to do nearly anything you can think of. Current categories under CPAN/modules/by-category/ include perl core modules; development support; operating system interfaces; networking, devices, and interprocess communication; data type utilities; database interfaces; user interfaces; interfaces to other languages; filenames, file systems, and file locking; internationalization and locale; world wide web support; server and daemon utilities; archiving and compression; image manipulation; mail and news; control flow utilities; filehandle and I/O; Microsoft Windows modules; and miscellaneous modules.
Certainly not. Larry expects that he'll be certified before Perl is.
The complete Perl documentation is available with the perl distribution. If you have perl installed locally, you probably have the documentation installed as well: type man perl if you're on a system resembling Unix. This will lead you to other important man pages, including how to set your $MANPATH. If you're not on a Unix system, access to the documentation will be different; for example, it might be only in HTML format. But all proper perl installations have fully-accessible documentation.
You might also try perldoc perl in case your system doesn't have a proper man command, or it's been misinstalled. If that doesn't work, try looking in /usr/local/lib/perl5/pod for documentation.
If all else fails, consult the CPAN/doc directory, which contains the complete documentation in various formats, including native pod, troff, html, and plain text. There's also a web page at http://www.perl.com/perl/info/documentation.html that might help.
Many good books have been written about Perl -- see the section below for more details.
Tutorial documents are included in current or upcoming Perl releases include perltoot for objects, perlopentut for file opening semantics, perlreftut for managing references, and perlxstut for linking C and Perl together. There may be more by the time you read this. The following URLs might also be of assistance:
http://language.perl.com/info/documentation.html
http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?tutorialsThe now defunct comp.lang.perl newsgroup has been superseded by the following groups:
comp.lang.perl.announce Moderated announcement group
comp.lang.perl.misc Very busy group about Perl in general
comp.lang.perl.moderated Moderated discussion group
comp.lang.perl.modules Use and development of Perl modules
comp.lang.perl.tk Using Tk (and X) from Perl
comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Writing CGI scripts for the Web.There is also USENET gateway to the mailing list used by the crack Perl development team (perl5-porters) at news://news.perl.com/perl.porters-gw/ .
You should post source code to whichever group is most appropriate, but feel free to cross-post to comp.lang.perl.misc. If you want to cross-post to alt.sources, please make sure it follows their posting standards, including setting the Followup-To header line to NOT include alt.sources; see their FAQ (http://www.faqs.org/faqs/alt-sources-intro/) for details.
If you're just looking for software, first use Alta Vista, Deja News, and search CPAN. This is faster and more productive than just posting a request.
A number of books on Perl and/or CGI programming are available. A few of these are good, some are ok, but many aren't worth your money. Tom Christiansen maintains a list of these books, some with extensive reviews, at http://www.perl.com/perl/critiques/index.html.
The incontestably definitive reference book on Perl, written by the creator of Perl, is now in its second edition:
Programming Perl (the "Camel Book"):
by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal Schwartz
ISBN 1-56592-149-6 (English)
ISBN 4-89052-384-7 (Japanese)
URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/pperl2/
(French, German, Italian, and Hungarian translations also
available)The companion volume to the Camel containing thousands of real-world examples, mini-tutorials, and complete programs (first premiering at the 1998 Perl Conference), is:
The Perl Cookbook (the "Ram Book"):
by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington,
with Foreword by Larry Wall
ISBN: 1-56592-243-3
URL: http://perl.oreilly.com/cookbook/If you're already a hard-core systems programmer, then the Camel Book might suffice for you to learn Perl from. But if you're not, check out:
Learning Perl (the "Llama Book"):
by Randal Schwartz and Tom Christiansen
with Foreword by Larry Wall
ISBN: 1-56592-284-0
URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lperl2/Despite the picture at the URL above, the second edition of "Llama Book" really has a blue cover, and is updated for the 5.004 release of Perl. Various foreign language editions are available, including Learning Perl on Win32 Systems (the Gecko Book).
If you're not an accidental programmer, but a more serious and possibly even degreed computer scientist who doesn't need as much hand-holding as we try to provide in the Llama or its defurred cousin the Gecko, please check out the delightful book, Perl: The Programmer's Companion, written by Nigel Chapman.
You can order O'Reilly books directly from O'Reilly & Associates, 1-800-998-9938. Local/overseas is 1-707-829-0515. If you can locate an O'Reilly order form, you can also fax to 1-707-829-0104. See http://www.ora.com/ on the Web.
What follows is a list of the books that the FAQ authors found personally useful. Your mileage may (but, we hope, probably won't) vary.
Recommended books on (or mostly on) Perl follow; those marked with a star may be ordered from O'Reilly.
*Programming Perl
by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal L. Schwartz
*Perl 5 Desktop Reference
By Johan Vromans*Learning Perl [2nd edition]
by Randal L. Schwartz and Tom Christiansen
with foreword by Larry Wall
*Learning Perl on Win32 Systems
by Randal L. Schwartz, Erik Olson, and Tom Christiansen,
with foreword by Larry Wall
Perl: The Programmer's Companion
by Nigel Chapman
Cross-Platform Perl
by Eric F. Johnson
MacPerl: Power and Ease
by Vicki Brown and Chris Nandor, foreword by Matthias Neeracher*The Perl Cookbook
by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington
with foreword by Larry Wall
Perl5 Interactive Course [2nd edition]
by Jon Orwant
*Advanced Perl Programming
by Sriram Srinivasan
Effective Perl Programming
by Joseph Hall*Mastering Regular Expressions
by Jeffrey Friedl
How to Set up and Maintain a World Wide Web Site [2nd edition]
by Lincoln SteinThe first and only periodical devoted to All Things Perl, The Perl Journal contains tutorials, demonstrations, case studies, announcements, contests, and much more. TPJ has columns on web development, databases, Win32 Perl, graphical programming, regular expressions, and networking, and sponsors the Obfuscated Perl Contest. It is published quarterly under the gentle hand of its editor, Jon Orwant. See http://www.tpj.com/ or send mail to subscriptions@tpj.com .
Beyond this, magazines that frequently carry high-quality articles on Perl are Web Techniques (see http://www.webtechniques.com/), Performance Computing (http://www.performance-computing.com/), and Usenix's newsletter/magazine to its members, login:, at http://www.usenix.org/. Randal's Web Technique's columns are available on the web at http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/WebTechniques/.
To get the best (and possibly cheapest) performance, pick a site from the list below and use it to grab the complete list of mirror sites. >From there you can find the quickest site for you. Remember, the following list is not the complete list of CPAN mirrors.
http://www.perl.com/CPAN-local
http://www.perl.com/CPAN (redirects to an ftp mirror)
http://www.perl.org/CPAN
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
http://www.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/Most of the major modules (tk, CGI, libwww-perl) have their own mailing lists. Consult the documentation that came with the module for subscription information. The Perl Institute attempts to maintain a list of mailing lists at:
http://www.perl.org/maillist.htmlHave you tried Deja News or Alta Vista? Those are the best archives. Just look up "*perl*" as a newsgroup.
http://www.dejanews.com/dnquery.xp?QRY=&DBS=2&ST=PS&defaultOp=AND&LNG=ALL&format=terse&showsort=date&maxhits=25&subjects=&groups=*perl*&authors=&fromdate=&todate=You'll probably want to trim that down a bit, though.
ftp.cis.ufl.edu:/pub/perl/comp.lang.perl.*/monthly has an almost complete collection dating back to 12/89 (missing 08/91 through 12/93). They are kept as one large file for each month.
You'll probably want more a sophisticated query and retrieval mechanism than a file listing, preferably one that allows you to retrieve articles using a fast-access indices, keyed on at least author, date, subject, thread (as in "trn") and probably keywords. The best solution the FAQ authors know of is the MH pick command, but it is very slow to select on 18000 articles.
If you have, or know where can be found, the missing sections, please let perlfaq-suggestions@perl.com know.
In a real sense, Perl already is commercial software: It has a licence that you can grab and carefully read to your manager. It is distributed in releases and comes in well-defined packages. There is a very large user community and an extensive literature. The comp.lang.perl.* newsgroups and several of the mailing lists provide free answers to your questions in near real-time. Perl has traditionally been supported by Larry, scores of software designers and developers, and myriads of programmers, all working for free to create a useful thing to make life better for everyone.
However, these answers may not suffice for managers who require a purchase order from a company whom they can sue should anything go awry. Or maybe they need very serious hand-holding and contractual obligations. Shrink-wrapped CDs with perl on them are available from several sources if that will help. For example, many perl books carry a perl distribution on them, as do the O'Reily Perl Resource Kits (in both the Unix flavor and in the proprietary Microsoft flavor); the free Unix distributions also all come with Perl.
Or you can purchase a real support contract. Although Cygnus historically provided this service, they no longer sell support contracts for Perl. Instead, the Paul Ingram Group will be taking up the slack through The Perl Clinic. The following is a commercial from them:
"Do you need professional support for Perl and/or Oraperl? Do you need a support contract with defined levels of service? Do you want to pay only for what you need?
"The Paul Ingram Group has provided quality software development and support services to some of the world's largest corporations for ten years. We are now offering the same quality support services for Perl at The Perl Clinic. This service is led by Tim Bunce, an active perl porter since 1994 and well known as the author and maintainer of the DBI, DBD::Oracle, and Oraperl modules and author/co-maintainer of The Perl 5 Module List. We also offer Oracle users support for Perl5 Oraperl and related modules (which Oracle is planning to ship as part of Oracle Web Server 3). 20% of the profit from our Perl support work will be donated to The Perl Institute."
For more information, contact The Perl Clinic:
Tel: +44 1483 424424
Fax: +44 1483 419419
Web: http://www.perl.co.uk/
Email: perl-support-info@perl.co.uk or Tim.Bunce@ig.co.ukSee also www.perl.com for updates on tutorials, training, and support.
If you are reporting a bug in the perl interpreter or the modules shipped with perl, use the perlbug program in the perl distribution or mail your report to perlbug@perl.com .
If you are posting a bug with a non-standard port (see the answer to "What platforms is Perl available for?"), a binary distribution, or a non-standard module (such as Tk, CGI, etc), then please see the documentation that came with it to determine the correct place to post bugs.
Read the perlbug(1) man page (perl5.004 or later) for more information.
The perl.com domain is owned by Tom Christiansen, who created it as a public service long before perl.org came about. Despite the name, it's a pretty non-commercial site meant to be a clearinghouse for information about all things Perlian, accepting no paid advertisements, bouncy happy gifs, or silly java applets on its pages. The Perl Home Page at http://www.perl.com/ is currently hosted on a T3 line courtesy of Songline Systems, a software-oriented subsidiary of O'Reilly and Associates. Other starting points include
http://language.perl.com/
http://conference.perl.com/
http://reference.perl.com/Copyright (c) 1997-1999 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington. All rights reserved.
When included as an integrated part of the Standard Distribution of Perl or of its documentation (printed or otherwise), this work is covered under Perl's Artistic Licence. For separate distributions of all or part of this FAQ outside of that, see perlfaq.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are public domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code and any derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would be courteous but is not required.